These select nuclei are discussed as follows. These nuclei interact with almost every pertinent portion of the brain, but only a few of them have specifically independent interaction. The edition of the Nomina Anatomica that was ratified in Jena in 1935 used rhaphe instead of raphe. The spelling raphe/raphes however can also be contested as numerous sources indicate that raphe is an incorrect Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek word ῥαφή as the initial letter rho with rough breathing ( spiritus asper) is normally rendered as rh in Latin. The main authority in anatomical names, Terminologia Anatomica uses for example nucleus raphes magnus instead of the grammatically incorrect nucleus raphe magnus. Latin grammar would require to use the genitive case raphes ('of the seam') instead of the nominative case raphe ('seam') in these Latin expressions. The Latin names commonly used for most of these nuclei are grammatically and orthographically incorrect. Nucleus centralis superior ( median raphe nucleus).Raphe nuclei of the midbrain reticular formation.Raphe nuclei of the pontine reticular formation.NeuroNames makes the following ordering: ), researchers have grouped the nuclei lineares into one nucleus, the nucleus linearis, shrinking the number of raphe to seven, e.g., Later, it was revealed that of these two nuclei, only the former (nucleus linearis intermedius, now known as the caudal linear nucleus), proved to contain serotonin-producing neurons, though both of them contain dopaminergic neurons. This study was published before techniques enabling the visualization of serotonin or the enzymes participating in its synthesis had been developed, as first demonstrated by Dahlström and Fuxe in 1964. (1960) originally proposed the existence of two linear nuclei (nucleus linearis intermedius and nucleus linearis rostralis). In the first systematic examination of the raphe nuclei, Taber et al. In order from caudal to rostral, the raphe nuclei are known as the nucleus raphe obscurus, the nucleus raphe pallidus, the nucleus raphe magnus, the nucleus raphe pontis, the median raphe nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, caudal linear nucleus. The raphe nuclei are traditionally considered to be the medial portion of the reticular formation, andĪppear as a ridge of cells in the center and most medial portion of the brain stem. 4.2 The raphe nuclei and the effects of ghrelin.
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